The approval provision is short, and almost every contested assignment turns on how it is read. Section 143 of the Standard Module, and section 133 of the Accommodation Module in identical terms, provide that an engagement as a service contractor, or an authorisation as a letting agent, may be transferred only if the body corporate approves the transfer.批准條文本身簡短，但幾乎每宗有爭議的轉讓，都取決於如何解讀該條文。標準規管模組第143條，以及條文相同的住宿規管模組第133條訂明：服務承辦商的聘任或出租代理的授權，僅在業主法人團體批准轉讓的情況下方可轉讓。
2.1Who decides由誰決定
由誰決定Who decides
The module declares, to avoid doubt, that the approval may be given by the committee. That is the ordinary course, and it matters commercially: a committee can convene quickly, whereas a general meeting cannot. The committee decision approves a transfer of the existing instrument on its existing terms. It does not amend the instrument.模組為免生疑問，明文訂明該項批准可由委員會給予。此乃常規做法，且具商業意義：委員會可迅速召開會議，業主大會則不能。委員會的決定是批准按現有條款移轉現有文件，並不修改該文件。
Any change to the terms — a longer term, a revised duties schedule, a different remuneration figure — is an amendment requiring an ordinary resolution at a general meeting under section 135 of the Standard Module. A committee that purports to vary the agreement while approving the transfer has exceeded its authority, and the variation is exposed.任何條款變更──延長年期、修訂職責清單、調整報酬金額──均屬修訂，須依標準規管模組第135條經業主大會普通決議通過。委員會如在批准轉讓的同時意圖變更合約，即屬越權，該項變更亦可被推翻。
| DECISION決定事項 | ORGAN決策機關 | THRESHOLD通過門檻 |
|---|---|---|
| Approve a transfer of the engagement or authorisation批准聘任或授權的轉讓 | Committee委員會 | Committee resolution委員會決議 |
| DECISION決定事項 | ORGAN決策機關 | THRESHOLD通過門檻 |
|---|---|---|
| Amend the engagement or authorisation修訂聘任合約或授權 | General meeting業主大會 | Ordinary resolution普通決議 |
| Add a further option or top up the term新增選擇權或補足年期 | General meeting業主大會 | Ordinary resolution普通決議 |
| Terminate after a remedial action notice在發出補救行動通知後終止 | General meeting業主大會 | Ordinary resolution普通決議 |
2.2The statutory criteria法定考慮因素
法定考慮因素The statutory criteria
In deciding whether to approve, the body corporate may have regard to the character of the proposed transferee and of related persons; the financial standing of the proposed transferee; the competence, qualifications and experience of the transferee and related persons, including training received or likely to be received; and other matters stated in the engagement or authorisation itself.業主法人團體在決定是否批准時，可考慮：擬承讓人及其關連人士的品格；擬承讓人的財務狀況；承讓人及關連人士的能力、資格及經驗，包括已接受或可能接受的培訓；以及聘任合約或授權本身所列明的其他事項。
The module defines related persons. For a corporate transferee they are its directors, substantial shareholders and principal staff; for a partnership, the partners and principal staff. A body corporate assessing a corporate buyer is therefore entitled to look through the company to the people who will actually run the building, and a buyer structuring through a company should expect that scrutiny.模組界定了關連人士。就法團承讓人而言，指其董事、主要股東及主要職員；就合夥而言，指合夥人及主要職員。因此，業主法人團體在評估法團買方時，有權穿透公司架構審視實際管理該大廈的人；以公司架構進行交易的買方，亦應預期會受到此等審查。
2.3The thirty-day rule and what starts the clock三十日期限及其起算時點
三十日期限及其起算時點The thirty-day rule and what starts the clock
The body corporate must decide whether to approve a proposed transfer within thirty days after it receives the information reasonably necessary to decide the application. The clock therefore does not start when the application is lodged. It starts when the body corporate holds enough information to make the decision.業主法人團體須在收到足以作出決定所合理需要的資料後三十日內，決定是否批准擬進行的轉讓。因此，期限並非自遞交申請之日起算，而是自業主法人團體掌握足夠資料以作決定之時起算。
That formulation cuts both ways. A body corporate cannot restart the period by issuing successive requests for information it does not reasonably need. Equally, a buyer who lodges a thin application and then complains about delay has usually created the delay. The module attaches no deemed approval to a failure to decide within the period; the remedy is an application under the dispute resolution provisions, which takes considerably longer than thirty days.此一表述對雙方均有約束。業主法人團體不得藉連番索取其並非合理需要的資料，而重新起算該期限；同樣，買方若遞交內容單薄的申請，其後又投訴延誤，延誤通常是其自己造成的。模組並未就逾期未作決定訂明視作批准的效果；補救途徑是依爭議解決條文提出申請，而其所需時間遠超三十日。
2.4Reasonableness and the prohibition on charging合理性及不得收費的規定
合理性及不得收費的規定Reasonableness and the prohibition on charging
Section 143 provides that the body corporate must not unreasonably withhold approval, and must not require or receive a fee or other consideration for approving the transfer beyond reimbursement of expenses reasonably incurred in relation to the application. The two limbs are related: a demand for value in exchange for approval is both a prohibited charge and evidence that the refusal was not based on the statutory criteria.第143條訂明，業主法人團體不得無理拒絕批准，亦不得就批准轉讓要求或收取任何費用或其他代價，惟就申請合理招致的開支獲得補償者除外。兩項規定互有關連：以批准換取利益的要求，既屬被禁止的收費，亦足以顯示拒絕並非基於法定考慮因素。
Reimbursable expenses are the body corporate's actual costs of assessing the application — the legal fee for reviewing the deed, the cost of the interview, the meeting cost. They are not a fee calculated by reference to the sale price, and they are not a contribution to the scheme's sinking fund.可獲補償的開支，是業主法人團體評估申請的實際成本──審閱契據的法律費用、面談費用、會議費用。它不是按成交價計算的費用，亦不是對該計劃償債基金的注資。
2.5The deed of covenant契諾契據
契諾契據The deed of covenant
Approval may be given on condition that the transferee enters into a deed of covenant to comply with the terms of the engagement or authorisation. This is the body corporate's principal protective mechanism and it should be used in every assignment. Without it the body corporate may find itself with a transferee who disputes whether particular obligations bind it.批准可附加條件，要求承讓人簽立契諾契據，承諾遵守聘任合約或授權的條款。這是業主法人團體最主要的保障機制，每宗轉讓均應採用。若無此契據，業主法人團體可能面對承讓人爭辯某些義務對其不具約束力的情況。
The deed is a covenant to comply with the existing terms. It is not a vehicle for introducing new obligations. A deed presented to a transferee with additional duties, a shortened term or a reduced remuneration embedded in it is an amendment in substance, and the committee has no power to require it as a condition of approval.該契據是承諾遵守現有條款的契諾，並非引入新義務的工具。若向承讓人提出的契據內載有額外職責、縮短年期或削減報酬，實質上即屬修訂，委員會無權將其作為批准條件。
2.6The transfer fee within the prescribed period訂明期間內的轉讓費
訂明期間內的轉讓費The transfer fee within the prescribed period
Sections 145 to 148 of the Standard Module, and sections 135 to 138 of the Accommodation Module, impose a transfer fee payable by the transferor to the body corporate where a transfer is approved within the prescribed period after the transferor's own initial contract date. If the approval day falls not more than one year after that date the fee is three per cent of the amount representing fair market value for the transfer; if it falls more than one year after that date the fee is two per cent.標準規管模組第145至148條，以及住宿規管模組第135至138條，訂明凡轉讓在轉讓人本身的首份合約日期起計的訂明期間內獲批准，轉讓人須向業主法人團體繳付轉讓費。若批准日期距該日不超過一年，費用為轉讓公平市值金額的百分之三；若超過一年，則為百分之二。
The head of power sits in section 122(3) of the Act, which allows the regulation module to provide for a payment to the body corporate where rights under the engagement or authorisation are transferred within a prescribed period. That subsection operates by reference to section 122(2), so whether a fee is payable in a particular scheme is a question about the history of the engagement and not only about the calendar.授權來源為該法第122(3)條，該條容許規管模組就聘任合約或授權下的權利在訂明期間內移轉時，訂定向業主法人團體支付款項的規定。該款須參照第122(2)條運作，故個別社區產權項目是否須繳費，涉及該聘任合約的沿革，而不僅是日期的計算。
The provisions contain exceptions, including where a financier exercises a power of sale, and a transferor who claims that no fee is payable must tell the body corporate. The fee is a seller cost and is frequently missed in the sale of a business acquired only recently. It should be identified before the price is agreed, not at settlement.有關條文載有例外情況，包括融資機構行使強制出售權的情形；聲稱無須繳費的轉讓人，須通知業主法人團體。該費用屬賣方成本，在出售近期方購入的業務時經常被忽略，應在議定價格前而非交割時確認。
2.7The financier is a statutory participant融資機構是法定參與者
融資機構是法定參與者The financier is a statutory participant
Divisions of Part 2 of Chapter 3 of the Act protect the financier of a management rights contract. Sections 123 to 127 define who is a financier, require the body corporate to be given an address for service, require notice to the financier of changes affecting the financed contract, limit termination of a financed contract, and prohibit certain agreements between the body corporate and the financier.該法第3章第2部相關分部為管理權合約的融資機構提供保障。第123至127條界定何謂融資機構、規定須向業主法人團體提供送達地址、規定影響受融資合約的變動須通知融資機構、限制受融資合約的終止，並禁止業主法人團體與融資機構之間訂立某些協議。
For all three parties this has a practical consequence. A body corporate that proposes to act against a manager must check whether a financier has registered an address. A seller cannot deliver clear title to the agreements without the financier's release. A buyer's own financier will impose its own conditions, commonly including a minimum unexpired term, which is the mechanism by which lenders drive top-up motions.此對三方均有實際影響。業主法人團體如擬對管理人採取行動，須先查核是否有融資機構已登記送達地址；賣方若未取得融資機構解除擔保，即無法交付無負擔的合約權益；買方本身的融資機構亦會提出自身條件，常見者為最低餘下年期要求，而這正是貸款機構推動續期補足動議的機制。
2.8A drafting trap worth naming值得指出的引註陷阱
值得指出的引註陷阱A drafting trap worth naming
Section 143 of the Standard Module governs voluntary transfers. Section 143 of the Act does something quite different: it sits within the division dealing with the required transfer of a letting agent's management rights and concerns the body corporate's choice of transferee where a transfer has been compelled. Correspondence that cites "section 143" without identifying the instrument is a recurring source of confusion, and occasionally of costs.標準規管模組第143條規管自願轉讓；而該法第143條的內容截然不同：它屬於處理強制轉讓出租代理管理權的分部，涉及在轉讓被強制進行時業主法人團體對承讓人的選擇。信函中引用「第143條」而未指明所屬法律文件，是反覆出現的混淆來源，有時更引致費用損失。
Who approves the transfer of management rights in Queensland: the body corporate committee or a general meeting?在昆士蘭，管理權轉讓由業主法人團體的委員會還是業主大會批准？
Under section 143 of the Standard Module and section 133 of the Accommodation Module, an engagement as a service contractor or an authorisation as a letting agent may be transferred only if the body corporate approves, and the module states that the approval may be given by the committee. The committee's decision approves a transfer of the existing instrument on its existing terms; it does not amend the instrument. Any change to the terms, such as a longer term, a revised duties schedule or a different remuneration figure, is an amendment requiring an ordinary resolution at a general meeting, and a committee that purports to vary the agreement while approving the transfer has exceeded its authority.根據標準規管模組第143條及住宿規管模組第133條，服務承辦商的聘任或出租代理的授權，僅在業主法人團體批准轉讓的情況下方可轉讓，而模組明文訂明該項批准可由委員會給予。委員會的決定是批准按現有條款移轉現有文件，並不修改該文件。任何條款變更，例如延長年期、修訂職責清單或調整報酬金額，均屬修訂，須經業主大會普通決議通過；委員會如在批准轉讓的同時意圖變更合約，即屬越權。
What can a Queensland body corporate take into account when deciding whether to approve a management rights transfer?昆士蘭業主法人團體在決定是否批准管理權轉讓時，可以考慮哪些因素？
The body corporate may have regard to the character of the proposed transferee and of related persons, the financial standing of the proposed transferee, the competence, qualifications and experience of the transferee and related persons including training received or likely to be received, and any other matters stated in the engagement or authorisation itself. For a corporate transferee, related persons are its directors, substantial shareholders and principal staff, so the body corporate is entitled to look through the company to the people who will actually run the building. The criteria are directed at the person who will perform the agreement; the price paid, the seller's conduct or an unrelated grievance about levies are outside them.業主法人團體可考慮擬承讓人及其關連人士的品格、擬承讓人的財務狀況、承讓人及關連人士的能力、資格及經驗（包括已接受或可能接受的培訓），以及聘任合約或授權本身所列明的其他事項。就法團承讓人而言，關連人士指其董事、主要股東及主要職員，因此業主法人團體有權穿透公司架構審視實際管理該大廈的人。各項考慮因素均針對將履行合約的人；成交價、賣方的行為或與管理費有關的無關投訴，均不在其列。
How long does a Queensland body corporate have to decide a management rights transfer application, and when does the thirty-day clock start?昆士蘭業主法人團體須在多久內決定管理權轉讓申請？三十日期限何時起算？
The body corporate must decide within thirty days after it receives the information reasonably necessary to decide the application, so the clock starts when the body corporate holds enough information to make the decision, not when the application is lodged. A body corporate cannot restart the period by issuing successive requests for information it does not reasonably need, but a buyer who lodges a thin application and then complains about delay has usually created the delay. There is no deemed approval if the body corporate fails to decide in time; the remedy is an application under the dispute resolution provisions, which takes considerably longer than thirty days, so neither party should treat thirty days as a settlement date.業主法人團體須在收到足以作出決定所合理需要的資料後三十日內作出決定，因此期限自業主法人團體掌握足夠資料之時起算，而非自遞交申請之日起算。業主法人團體不得藉連番索取其並非合理需要的資料而重新起算該期限；但買方若遞交內容單薄的申請，其後又投訴延誤，延誤通常是其自己造成的。逾期未作決定並不視作批准；補救途徑是依爭議解決條文提出申請，其所需時間遠超三十日，故任何一方均不應把三十日視為交割日。
Can a Queensland body corporate charge a fee or ask for something in return for approving a management rights assignment?昆士蘭業主法人團體可否就批准管理權轉讓收取費用或要求代價？
No. Section 143 of the Standard Module provides that the body corporate must not unreasonably withhold approval and must not require or receive a fee or other consideration for approving the transfer, beyond reimbursement of expenses reasonably incurred in relation to the application. Reimbursable expenses are the body corporate's actual costs of assessing the application, such as the legal fee for reviewing the deed, the interview and the meeting cost; they are not a fee calculated on the sale price or a contribution to the sinking fund. A demand for value in exchange for approval is both a prohibited charge and evidence that a refusal was not based on the statutory criteria.不可以。標準規管模組第143條訂明，業主法人團體不得無理拒絕批准，亦不得就批准轉讓要求或收取任何費用或其他代價，惟就申請合理招致的開支獲得補償者除外。可獲補償的開支是業主法人團體評估申請的實際成本，例如審閱契據的法律費用、面談費用及會議費用；它不是按成交價計算的費用，亦不是對償債基金的注資。以批准換取利益的要求，既屬被禁止的收費，亦足以顯示拒絕並非基於法定考慮因素。
Is a transfer fee payable to the body corporate when Queensland management rights are sold soon after purchase?在昆士蘭，管理權購入後不久便轉售，是否須向業主法人團體繳付轉讓費？
Sections 145 to 148 of the Standard Module and sections 135 to 138 of the Accommodation Module impose a transfer fee, payable by the transferor to the body corporate, where a transfer is approved within the prescribed period after the transferor's own initial contract date. If the approval day falls not more than one year after that date the fee is three per cent of the amount representing fair market value for the transfer; if it falls more than one year after that date the fee is two per cent. The provisions contain exceptions, including where a financier exercises a power of sale, and a transferor who claims no fee is payable must tell the body corporate. Because the head of power in section 122(3) of the Act operates by reference to section 122(2), whether a fee is payable in a particular scheme depends on the history of the engagement and not only on the calendar, so it should be identified before the price is agreed.標準規管模組第145至148條及住宿規管模組第135至138條訂明，凡轉讓在轉讓人本身的首份合約日期起計的訂明期間內獲批准，轉讓人須向業主法人團體繳付轉讓費。若批准日期距該日不超過一年，費用為轉讓公平市值金額的百分之三；若超過一年，則為百分之二。有關條文載有例外情況，包括融資機構行使強制出售權的情形；聲稱無須繳費的轉讓人，須通知業主法人團體。由於該法第122(3)條的授權須參照第122(2)條運作，個別社區產權項目是否須繳費涉及該聘任合約的沿革，而不僅是日期的計算，故應在議定價格前確認。
This guide is general educational information, not legal, financial, tax or investment advice. Outcomes in a management rights transaction turn on the actual caretaking agreement, letting authorisation, community management statement, applicable regulation module and current law. Obtain independent Queensland legal advice before signing a contract, granting or withholding approval, waiving a condition, or settling. Where the English and Chinese texts differ, the English text governs. 本指南僅提供一般教育資訊，並非法律、財務、稅務或投資意見。管理權交易的法律結果，取決於實際的管理維護合約、出租授權、社區管理聲明、適用的規管模組及現行法例。簽署合約、給予或拒絕批准、放棄條件或辦理交割前，應取得獨立的昆士蘭法律意見。如中英文本有異，概以英文為準。