3.1What an exclusive use by-law is何謂專用使用管理規約
何謂專用使用管理規約What an exclusive use by-law is
A by-law is an exclusive use by-law if it attaches to a lot a right of exclusive use of, or other rights over, common property or a body corporate asset (s 170). That is the whole of the concept, and each element of it matters.管理規約若將共用部分或業主法人團體資產的專用使用權或其他權利附加於某一單元，即為專用使用管理規約（第170條）。此即該概念的全部，其中每一要素均具意義。
It attaches to a lot, not to a person. The right belongs to whoever owns the lot from time to time. It cannot be given to a tenant in their own right, it cannot be sold to a neighbour on its own, and it does not stay behind when the owner sells. It passes automatically with the lot without being mentioned in the contract or the transfer.其附加於單元，而非附加於個人。該權利歸屬於當時的單元所有權人。該權利不得單獨授予承租人，不得單獨出售予鄰居，亦不因業主出售單元而留存於原業主。縱使契約及移轉文件均未提及，該權利仍隨單元自動移轉。
It is a right over common property, not ownership of it. The body corporate remains the owner of the space. What the owner has is a statutory right, recorded on the scheme's title documents, to exclude everyone else from it.其為對共用部分的權利，而非共用部分的所有權。該車位的所有權人仍為業主法人團體。業主所擁有者，係一項載於該計劃產權文件、得排除他人使用該車位的法定權利。
3.2How one is made專用使用管理規約的設立
專用使用管理規約的設立How one is made
Outside the original owner's first community management statement, an exclusive use by-law is expensive to create, and deliberately so. The body corporate must pass a resolution without dissent to record a new community management statement containing the by-law, and the owner of the lot to which the by-law will attach must agree in writing before the resolution or vote personally on it (s 171). The new statement must then be lodged with Titles Queensland within three months, and the by-law does not operate until it is recorded.除原始業主的第一份社區管理聲明外，設立專用使用管理規約的成本甚高，且此乃刻意設計。業主法人團體必須以無異議決議通過記載該規約的新社區管理聲明，且該規約所將附加之單元的業主，必須於決議前以書面同意或親自就該決議行使表決權（第171條）。新聲明其後須於三個月內向昆士蘭產權登記處提交，且該規約於登錄前不生效力。
A resolution without dissent means exactly what it says: not a single vote against. One owner of one lot, present and voting no, defeats it. In a large scheme this is the practical reason why exclusive use allocations are almost always made by the developer at the outset and almost never created afterwards.無異議決議一如其字面之意：不得有任何一票反對。任何一個單元的業主出席並投下反對票，即足以否決該決議。在大型計劃中，此即專用使用的配置幾乎均由開發商於最初設定、而事後幾乎從不新設的實務原因。
The same requirements apply in reverse. An exclusive use by-law ends only if the body corporate passes a resolution without dissent to record a new statement changing it, and the benefited owner agrees in writing or votes personally. An owner cannot be stripped of an exclusive use car space by a majority, however large.上述要求於解消時同樣適用。專用使用管理規約僅於業主法人團體以無異議決議通過記載變更的新聲明，且受益業主以書面同意或親自表決時，方告終止。無論多數多麼壓倒，均無法剝奪業主的專用使用車位。
For schemes still under the Building Units and Group Titles Act 1980 — many older Brisbane buildings — the mechanics differ in form but not in substance: a resolution without dissent, the owner's written consent, and recording on the registered survey plan within three months.對於仍適用《1980年建築單元及集體產權法》的計劃——布里斯本許多較舊的大樓即屬之——其程序在形式上有所不同，實質則相同：無異議決議、業主書面同意，並於三個月內登錄於已登記的測量圖之上。
3.3Where it lives in the scheme documents其於計劃文件中的所在
其於計劃文件中的所在Where it lives in the scheme documents
The community management statement is where the answer is found, and it is organised in schedules. Schedule A carries the lot entitlements. Schedule B explains the development of the scheme land. Schedule C carries the by-laws. Schedule D carries other details such as service easements. Schedule E carries the allocation of exclusive use areas.答案存在於社區管理聲明之中，該聲明以附表方式編排。附表A載明分攤權益；附表B說明計劃土地的開發；附表C載明管理規約；附表D載明其他事項，例如公用設施地役權；附表E則載明專用使用區域的配置。
For a car park, three things have to line up: the by-law itself in Schedule C, the allocation in Schedule E naming the lot and the space, and a plan or sketch identifying the space on the ground. Before recording a statement containing an exclusive use by-law, the registrar may require the common property in question to be identified in a plan (s 172).就車位而言，三者必須一致：附表C中的管理規約本身、附表E中載明單元與車位的配置，以及在實地標定該車位的圖說或草圖。登錄含有專用使用管理規約的聲明之前，登記官得要求以圖說標定所涉共用部分（第172條）。
3.4Conditions, payments and obligations條件、給付與義務
條件、給付與義務Conditions, payments and obligations
An exclusive use by-law can do more than allocate. The regulation module for the scheme may provide for conditions in the by-law, including conditions about payments the benefited owner must make, for obligations imposed on that owner including obligations that would otherwise be the body corporate's, for authorisation of improvements, and for recovery of amounts payable (s 173).專用使用管理規約的作用不以配置為限。該計劃適用的施行細則得就下列事項為規定：規約中的條件，包括受益業主應為給付的條件；課予該業主的義務，包括原應由業主法人團體承擔的義務；改良工程的授權；以及應付金額的追償（第173條）。
That last power is worth noting. Exclusive use by-laws are the only by-laws that may impose a monetary liability on an owner; ordinary by-laws may not (s 180). Where the by-law requires a payment and the owner does not pay, the amount is recoverable as a debt to the body corporate.末項權限值得注意。專用使用管理規約是唯一得對業主課予金錢責任的管理規約；一般管理規約則不得為之（第180條）。規約要求給付而業主未為給付者，該金額得作為對業主法人團體的債務予以追償。
3.5Allocation, reallocation and swaps配置、重新配置與互換
配置、重新配置與互換Allocation, reallocation and swaps
A by-law does not have to name the space itself. It may instead identify the common property and leave the allocation to be made — either by a person authorised by the by-law to allocate (an authorised allocation, typically the original owner during a staged development) or by agreement between owners (an agreed allocation). The Act then deals with making allocations, notifying them and notifying further allocations (ss 174 to 176).管理規約無須逐一指明車位。其得僅標定共用部分，而將配置留待其後為之——或由規約授權配置之人為之（授權配置，通常為分期開發期間的原始業主），或由業主間協議為之（協議配置）。法律其後就配置的作成、通知及後續配置的通知設有規定（第174條至第176條）。
This matters for swaps. Two owners who each hold an exclusive use space and want to exchange them can do so by agreement, without a general meeting resolution, provided the by-law is drafted to permit it. The body corporate must be notified and the change recorded. Where the by-law names each space against each lot instead, the same swap requires a new statement and a resolution without dissent — a very different exercise.此點於互換時至為重要。各自持有專用使用車位而欲互換的兩位業主，只要管理規約的擬定容許為之，即得以協議方式互換，無須經股東會決議。業主法人團體必須受通知，該變更亦須予以登錄。反之，若規約係逐一將各車位對應各單元指明，同一互換即須另行製作新聲明並取得無異議決議——兩者難易迥異。
3.6Maintenance and improvements維護與改良
維護與改良Maintenance and improvements
The default is that the owner who has the benefit of the exclusive use area maintains it, unless the by-law says otherwise. That default is subject to important carve-outs. For lots on a building format plan the owner is not made responsible for structural elements, or for roofing membranes and similar elements protecting other lots, that the owner did not build. And responsibility for utility infrastructure that is common property cannot be passed to an owner at all.原則上，享有專用使用區域利益的業主負責維護，但管理規約另有規定者不在此限。該原則有重要的例外。就建築格式測量圖上的單元而言，業主無須就非其興建的結構構件，或就保護其他單元的防水層及類似構件負責。而屬共用部分的公用設施基礎設施，其責任根本不得轉嫁予業主。
Improvements are separate again. An owner who wants to improve common property — and an exclusive use car space is still common property — needs approval. Under the Standard, Accommodation and Small Schemes Modules the committee may approve an improvement costing less than $3,000; at $3,000 or more an ordinary resolution of the body corporate is required. The Commercial Module sets no limit on the committee.改良工程則為另一回事。業主欲改良共用部分——專用使用車位仍屬共用部分——須經核准。依標準、住宿及小型計劃施行細則，管理委員會得核准費用低於3,000澳元的改良工程；達3,000澳元以上者，須經業主法人團體的普通決議。商用施行細則則未對管理委員會設有上限。
This is the provision that now governs most electric vehicle charger requests. A wall box in an exclusive use space is an improvement to common property, it draws power that has to come from somewhere, and it usually needs both an approval and an agreement about metering and cost.此即目前規範多數電動車充電設備申請的規定。設置於專用使用車位的壁掛式充電器，屬對共用部分的改良工程；其用電必須有其來源，通常既須取得核准，亦須就計量與費用另行達成協議。
What is an exclusive use by-law for a car park in Queensland?昆士蘭車位的專用使用管理規約是什麼？
A by-law is an exclusive use by-law if it attaches to a lot a right of exclusive use of, or other rights over, common property or a body corporate asset (s 170 of the Body Corporate and Community Management Act). The right attaches to the lot, not to a person: it belongs to whoever owns the lot from time to time, it cannot be given to a tenant in their own right or sold to a neighbour on its own, and it passes automatically with the lot on a sale even if the contract and transfer do not mention it. It is a right over common property, not ownership of it: the body corporate remains the owner of the space, and the owner holds a statutory right, recorded on the scheme's title documents, to exclude everyone else from it. For day-to-day use it feels identical to an on-title space; the difference shows up when the owner wants to sell or rent the space separately, when something needs repairing, and when the scheme wants to change the layout.管理規約若將共用部分或業主法人團體資產的專用使用權或其他權利附加於某一單元，即為專用使用管理規約（《業主法人團體及社區管理法》第170條）。該權利附加於單元，而非附加於個人：其歸屬於當時的單元所有權人，不得單獨授予承租人，不得單獨出售予鄰居，且縱使契約及移轉文件均未提及，仍隨單元於出售時自動移轉。其為對共用部分的權利，而非共用部分的所有權：該車位的所有權人仍為業主法人團體，業主所擁有者，係一項載於該計劃產權文件、得排除他人使用該車位的法定權利。就日常使用而言，其與登記於產權之上的車位並無二致；差異顯現於業主欲單獨出售或出租該車位時、車位需要修繕時，以及該計劃欲變更配置時。
How is an exclusive use by-law created in an existing Queensland scheme?在昆士蘭的既有計劃中，如何設立專用使用管理規約？
Outside the original owner's first community management statement, creating an exclusive use by-law is deliberately expensive. The body corporate must pass a resolution without dissent to record a new community management statement containing the by-law, and the owner of the lot to which it will attach must agree in writing before the resolution or vote personally on it (s 171); the new statement must then be lodged with Titles Queensland within three months, and the by-law does not operate until it is recorded. A resolution without dissent means not a single vote against, so one owner of one lot voting no defeats it, which is the practical reason exclusive use allocations are almost always made by the developer at the outset and almost never created afterwards. The same requirements apply in reverse: an exclusive use by-law ends only by a resolution without dissent recording a new statement with the benefited owner's written agreement or personal vote, so an owner cannot be stripped of an exclusive use car space by a majority, however large.除原始業主的第一份社區管理聲明外，設立專用使用管理規約的成本甚高，且此乃刻意設計。業主法人團體必須以無異議決議通過記載該規約的新社區管理聲明，且該規約所將附加之單元的業主，必須於決議前以書面同意或親自就該決議行使表決權（第171條）；新聲明其後須於三個月內向昆士蘭產權登記處提交，且該規約於登錄前不生效力。無異議決議意指不得有任何一票反對，任何一個單元的業主投下反對票即足以否決，此即專用使用的配置幾乎均由開發商於最初設定、而事後幾乎從不新設的實務原因。上述要求於解消時同樣適用：專用使用管理規約僅於以無異議決議通過記載變更的新聲明，且受益業主以書面同意或親自表決時方告終止，故無論多數多麼壓倒，均無法剝奪業主的專用使用車位。
Where is an exclusive use car park recorded in a Queensland community management statement?專用使用車位載於昆士蘭社區管理聲明的何處？
The community management statement is organised in schedules: Schedule A carries the lot entitlements, Schedule B the development of the scheme land, Schedule C the by-laws, Schedule D other details such as service easements, and Schedule E the allocation of exclusive use areas. For a car park three things have to line up: the by-law itself in Schedule C, the allocation in Schedule E naming the lot and the space, and a plan or sketch identifying the space on the ground. The most common defect is an allocation sheet that refers to space numbers appearing nowhere on the exclusive use plan, or a plan drawn for an earlier version of the basement; where the two disagree the scheme has a problem that usually surfaces on a resale.社區管理聲明以附表方式編排：附表A載明分攤權益；附表B說明計劃土地的開發；附表C載明管理規約；附表D載明其他事項，例如公用設施地役權；附表E則載明專用使用區域的配置。就車位而言，三者必須一致：附表C中的管理規約本身、附表E中載明單元與車位的配置，以及在實地標定該車位的圖說或草圖。最常見的瑕疵是配置表以編號指稱車位，而該等編號並未出現於專用使用圖上，或該圖係依地下停車場的先前版本繪製；二者不一致時，該計劃即存在瑕疵，且通常於轉售之時浮現。
Can an exclusive use by-law in Queensland require the owner to pay money?昆士蘭的專用使用管理規約能否要求業主給付金錢？
Yes. The scheme's regulation module may provide for conditions in the by-law, including conditions about payments the benefited owner must make, obligations imposed on that owner including obligations that would otherwise be the body corporate's, authorisation of improvements, and recovery of amounts payable (s 173). Exclusive use by-laws are the only by-laws that may impose a monetary liability on an owner; ordinary by-laws may not (s 180). Where the by-law requires a payment and the owner does not pay, the amount is recoverable as a debt to the body corporate.可以。該計劃適用的施行細則得就下列事項為規定：規約中的條件，包括受益業主應為給付的條件；課予該業主的義務，包括原應由業主法人團體承擔的義務；改良工程的授權；以及應付金額的追償（第173條）。專用使用管理規約是唯一得對業主課予金錢責任的管理規約，一般管理規約則不得為之（第180條）。規約要求給付而業主未為給付者，該金額得作為對業主法人團體的債務予以追償。
Can I install an electric vehicle charger in my exclusive use car park in Queensland?我可以在昆士蘭的專用使用車位安裝電動車充電器嗎？
Only with approval, because an exclusive use car space is still common property and any improvement to it needs approval. Under the Standard, Accommodation and Small Schemes Modules the committee may approve an improvement costing less than $3,000, while at $3,000 or more an ordinary resolution of the body corporate is required; the Commercial Module sets no limit on the committee. A wall box in an exclusive use space is an improvement to common property that draws power from somewhere, so it usually needs both an approval and an agreement about metering and cost. Separately, the default is that the owner with the benefit of the exclusive use area maintains it unless the by-law says otherwise, subject to carve-outs for structural elements and utility infrastructure.須經核准，因專用使用車位仍屬共用部分，對其所為的任何改良工程均須核准。依標準、住宿及小型計劃施行細則，管理委員會得核准費用低於3,000澳元的改良工程，達3,000澳元以上者則須經業主法人團體的普通決議；商用施行細則未對管理委員會設有上限。設置於專用使用車位的壁掛式充電器屬對共用部分的改良工程，其用電必須有其來源，通常既須取得核准，亦須就計量與費用另行達成協議。另一方面，原則上享有專用使用區域利益的業主負責維護，但管理規約另有規定者不在此限，且就結構構件及公用設施基礎設施設有例外。
This guide is general information about Queensland law. It is not legal advice and cannot be relied on as advice about any particular scheme, lot or transaction. Schemes differ, and the answer for any given car space is found in that scheme’s own survey plan, community management statement and body corporate records. Obtain independent Queensland legal advice before signing, settling, or changing a parking arrangement. Where the English and Chinese texts differ, the English text governs. 本指南為昆士蘭法律之一般性資訊，並非法律意見，亦不得作為就任何特定計劃、單元或交易的意見。各計劃情況不同，任何車位的答案，須從該計劃本身的測量圖則、社區管理聲明及業主法人團體紀錄中尋找。簽署契約、辦理交割或變更車位安排前，應取得獨立的昆士蘭法律意見。如中英文本有異，概以英文為準。